1.4% French Lime Extract
A potent antioxidant and UV-protective botanical rich in vitamin C and polyphenols. This extract defends the skin against photo-induced oxidative damage and dryness, helping to maintain a healthy moisture barrier while minimizing sun-triggered pigmentation.

0.2% Red Pine & Plum Extract
Rich in proanthocyanidins and flavonoids, this duo reduces inflammation-induced pigmentation (PIE) and improves vascular circulation in the skin. Visibly improves reddish and dull skin tone caused by post-acne or sensitivity-related discoloration.

3% Tranexamic Acid
A medical-grade brightening agent that works by inhibiting plasmin activity, thus preventing UV- and inflammation-induced melanin accumulation. Helps disassemble existing pigment clusters and prevent reformation, making it effective for stubborn melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH).

8.5% Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)
A next-generation form of vitamin B3 precursor, this molecule improves cellular energy and inhibits melanin transport from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Boosts skin clarity and brightness while reducing the visibility of dark spots over time.

0.3% α-Arbutin
A stable and gentle tyrosinase inhibitor that reduces melanin synthesis without irritation. Effective in diminishing existing spots and preventing new discoloration, suitable for sensitive skin or daily use.

0.6% Pterostilbene
A high-potency antioxidant derived from blueberries, often considered a superior analog to resveratrol. Suppresses oxidative stress-induced melanin synthesis and blocks multiple steps in the pigmentation pathway. Adds anti-aging and barrier-strengthening benefits.

3% VC Ethyl Ether (Ascorbyl Ethyl Ether)
A stable, oil- and water-soluble vitamin C derivative that penetrates deeply to fade existing dark spots and promote collagen synthesis. Helps break up deep-seated pigmentation and restores luminosity with less irritation than pure ascorbic acid.